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The Industrial and Therapeutic Potential of cis-Pinane
cis-Pinane is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene derivative. This compound has been widely recognized for its unique properties and extensive applications in various fields.Get more news about cis pinane,you can vist our website!
One of the most notable characteristics of cis-Pinane is its chemical stability. It exhibits excellent resistance to heat, with a boiling point of 167.2°C. This makes it suitable for use in various industrial applications that require high-temperature operations.
cis-Pinane is an important intermediate in the synthesis of spice. It can synthesize a variety of fine chemicals by oxidation, reduction, and pyrolysis reaction, such as linalool, dihydromyrcene, linalyl acetate, and other important spices.
Furthermore, cis-Pinane is usually applied in medicine, materials, and perfume owing to the high activity of its C2–H bond. It is prepared by selective hydrogenation of α-pinene.
In conclusion, cis-Pinane offers a unique combination of chemical stability and versatility. Its wide range of applications in the industrial sector underscores its value. As research continues to uncover more about this compound, we can expect to see even more innovative uses for cis-Pinane in the future.
Borneol: A Terpene with Therapeutic Potential
Borneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene derivative. This compound, with the chemical formula C0H8O, is found in several species of Heterotheca, Artemisia, Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Dipterocarpaceae, Blumea balsamifera, and Kaempferia galanga. It is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.Get more news about 2 borneol,you can vist our website!
The hydroxyl group in borneol is placed in an endo position. The exo diastereomer is called isoborneol. Being chiral, borneol exists as enantiomers, both of which are found in nature. Borneol can be synthesized by reduction of camphor by the Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction.
Borneol has a pungent, camphor-like odor and appears as colorless to white lumps. It has a melting point of 08°C (06°F; 8 K) and a boiling point of °C (5°F; 86 K). It is slightly soluble in water and soluble in chloroform, ethanol, acetone, ether, benzene, toluene, decalin, tetralin.
Therapeutic Uses
Borneol has been used for thousands of years in Traditional Chinese Medicine and is steadily becoming widely recognized in Western Medicine. It provides a highly beneficial intersection of Western and Eastern medicine. The effect of Borneol is widespread in the treatment of various ailments.
Respiratory Illness and Lung Disease
Many studies suggest terpenes, and Borneol, in particular, effectively reduce respiratory illness. Borneol has demonstrated efficacy in reducing inflammation of the lungs by reducing inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory infiltration.
Anticancer Properties
Borneol has also demonstrated anticancer properties by increasing the action of Selenocysteine (SeC). This reduced cancerous spread through apoptotic (programmed) cancer cell death. In many studies, Borneol has also shown increased efficiency of antitumor drug targeting.
Analgesic Effects
In a study considering postoperative pain in people, topical Borneol application led to significant pain reduction compared to a placebo control group. Additionally, acupuncturists tend to use Borneol topically for its analgesic properties.
Anti-inflammatory Action
Borneol has demonstrated blocking certain ion channels that promote pain stimulus and inflammation. It also aids in pain relief from inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Neuroprotective Effects
Borneol offers some protection from neuronal cell death in the event of an ischemic stroke.
In conclusion, borneol is a terpene with significant therapeutic potential. Its wide range of health benefits makes it an important compound in both traditional and modern medicine.
Brief Description of cis/trans-Pinane
Linalool, known for its pleasant aromatic characteristics, is widely popular in the F&F market and is one of the highly traded monoterpenoid fragrances. It is also an important raw material for the synthesis of vitamin A and vitamin E. Synthetic-grade Linalool is favored by the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries compared to natural Linalool.Get more news about cis pinane,you can vist our website!
Over the years, there have been two main synthetic schemes for the production of synthetic Linalool: A) Using petrochemical raw materials and the other using turpentine raw materials. In the early petrochemical route, acetylene and acetone were reacted in the presence of alkaline catalysts to produce Methyl heptenone through a series of catalytic reactions. Methyl hepten could be alkynylated by acetylene to obtain an alkyne alcohol intermediate, which was then hydrogenated to yield Linalool. In the mid-term petrochemical route, Isobutene was condensed with formaldehyde under high pressure to form methyl heptenone, which prepared to obtain Dehydrolinalool, and then hydrogenated again to produce Linalool. Alternatively, Isoprene could be catalytically condensed with acetone to form methyl heptenone, which was finally converted to Linalool.
B) The early route of turpentine production involved the thermal cracking of β-Pinene at high temperatures to convert it into Myrcene, which was then hydrolyzed with hydrogen chloride to obtain Linalool. This route had a high yield and was relatively simple, making the largest-scale industrial method for synthesizing Linalool in the world. Another synthesis route using Pinane hydroperoxides emerged as a new alternative. In this scheme, pinene was used as the raw material and underwent catalytic hydrogenation to produce cis-Pinane (When cis and trans isomer are expressed simultaneously it is called 2-Pinane), which is more prone to oxidation reactions (Brose Thomas, 1992)2. The cis-Pinane was oxidized to form Pinane hydroperoxides, which were then reduced to cis-Pinanol and finally subjected to high-temperature cracking to obtain Linalool. The challenge in this scheme in controlling the pyrolysis conditions of cis/trans-Pinanol during the cracking reaction, which can affect the final by-products and yield. Structurally, Pinane hydroperoxides belong to the class of Tertiary alkyl hydroperoxides and exhibit stability in the presence of alkaline catalysts. Pinane hydroperoxides can be catalytically converted to Pinanol in an alkaline sodium sulfide solution or in the presence of alkaline catalysts.
What Is Borneol?
Borneol is one of the many terpenes found within the cannabis plant, and it also naturally occurs in ginger, camphor, thyme, and rosemary. Terpenes appear in all plants, giving rise to their scents, taste, and in some cases, color.Get more news about 2 borneol,you can vist our website!
In the cannabis plant, terpenes are responsible for each strain’s varied taste and smell. Strains containing Borneol tend to have a woody menthol smell, similar to camphor. It’s also included in many essential oils and perfume products.
Borneol can be derived from tapping the Borneo camphor (Dryobalanops aromatica) of the Teak tree family. The substance removed from the tree is then cooled and hardens into a clear crystal that can be used. The substances d-borneol and l-borneol are both found in nature.
Health Benefits and Uses
Borneol provides a highly beneficial intersection of Western and Eastern medicine. The effect of Borneol is widespread in the treatment of various ailments. In Chinese Medicine, it is associated with the liver, spleen meridians, heart, and lungs. Below is a list of some of its many health benefits.
Fights respiratory illness and lung disease
Many studies suggest terpenes, and Borneol, in particular, effectively reduce respiratory illness. Borneol has demonstrated efficacy in reducing inflammation of the lungs by reducing inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory infiltration. Individuals practicing Chinese Medicine also commonly use Borneol to treat bronchitis and similar ailments.
Anticancer properties
Borneol has also demonstrated anticancer properties by increasing the action of Selenocysteine (SeC). This reduced cancerous spread through apoptotic (programmed) cancer cell death. In many studies, Borneol has also shown increased efficiency of antitumor drug targeting.
Effective analgesic
In a study considering postoperative pain in people, topical Borneol application led to significant pain reduction compared to a placebo control group. Additionally, acupuncturists tend to use Borneol topically for its analgesic properties.
Anti-inflammatory action
Borneol has demonstrated blocking certain ion channels that promote pain stimulus and inflammation. It also aids in pain relief from inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
The conversion of α-pinene to cis-pinane
The concept of a solid catalyst coated with a thin ionic liquid layer (SCILL) was applied to the stereoselective hydrogenation of α-pinene. Nickel, a non-noble metal, was supported on a discarded fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (DF3C) and then modified with different loadings of the ionic liquid 1-ethanol-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C2OHmim][BF4]). The resulting catalysts showed a range of conversions and selectivities for the hydrogenation of α-pinene. The SCILL catalysts afforded cis-pinane with high selectivity and their activity depended on the ionic liquid loading. For an ionic liquid loading of 10 wt%, although the catalytic activity was suppressed, the selectivity and conversion could reach above 98% and 99%, respectively. In addition, the catalyst remained stable after 13 runs and the activity was almost unchanged with the conversion maintained at approximately 99%. Thus, the ionic liquid layer not only improved the selectivity for cis-pinane but also protected the active site of the catalyst and prolonged the service lifetime of the catalyst. The SCILL catalytic system provides an example of an ionic liquid catalytic system which eliminates organic solvents from the catalytic process.Get more news about cis pinane,you can vist our website!
As a natural, green, and renewable product, α-pinene has drawn great interest for applications in the pharmaceutical, bioenergy, fine chemistry, and flavouring industries.1 There are two kinds of hydrogenation products of α-pinene, namely, cis-pinane and trans-pinane, and among these two products, cis-pinane is more desirable since the content of cis-pinane in raw materials should be greater than 90% to reduce by-products and simplify post-treatments. There is a need to design and identify more effective catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of α-pinene to improve the yield of cis-pinane. To date, various studies have focused on hydrogenation of α-pinene, including a report by Hou et al. on Ru nanoparticles in aqueous micellar microreactors as catalysts with a high selectivity for cis-pinane under mild conditions.2 Milewska et al. studied biphasic hydrogenation of α-pinene over Pd/C under a high pressure of carbon dioxide.3 Deliy et al. reported that hydrogenation and isomerization of pinenes occur simultaneously on Ru/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, and Ir/C catalysts.4 Selka et al. achieved excellent catalytic activity and selectivity based on their studies into hydrogenation of α-pinene over Pd-based catalysts on different supports; however, the reusability of these catalysts was poor.1 Simakova et al. investigated the hydrogenation of α-pinene over 4 wt% palladium on carbon (Pd/C) as a catalyst with n-octane as a solvent.5 Tanielyan et al. used ethanol as solvent in their studies of pinene hydrogenation over anchored Wilkinson catalyst.6 However, noble metal catalysts and organic solvents are expensive, environmentally unfriendly, and the lack of reusability of these catalysts poses major challenges.
Discarded fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (DF3C) is a kind of industrial waste product from petroleum refining processes. DF3C contains heavy metals such as iron, nickel, and vanadium, which were contained in the heavy oil subjected to the reactions. A large amount of DF3C is produced every year, the majority of which is sent to landfill, risking environmental pollution, from heavy metals seeping into groundwater.7 Recently, attention has been paid to recovering DF3C, and it has been applied as a catalyst for cracking of waste plastics,8 a source of heavy metals,7 and rare earth elements.11,12 DF3C is mainly composed of Al2O3, SiO2, and residual nickel, with a rich pore structure and large specific surface area; hence, DF3C might act as an effective active metal carrier.