User blogs
Packaging with cardboard and corrugated cardboard
The most commonly used packaging materials, derived from paper, are corrugated cardboard and plain cardboard. There are significant differences in their characteristics and it is important that they are well known in order to make the best choice of packaging for a particular application.Get more news about Packaging Boxes 1 Layer,you can vist our website!
Cardboard is a thick material with excellent properties that allow folding and modeling at a much better hardness than paper. It can be easily cut and shaped, and its lightness, strength and recyclability make it ideal for many packaging applications. It is most often used for making small boxes, packages, etc. It can be used to make transport packaging, but it does not provide sufficient protection and it is good to additionally secure the contents with an inner packaging of protective material.
It is made from cellulose, which is often recycled, and various binders, fillers and other ingredients are added to it, depending on the purpose. According to the DIN standards, any paper with a density of more than 150 g / m2 can be classified as cardboard. The most important characteristics that are monitored when managing the quality of the produced cardboard are weight per 1 m2, thickness and humidity. The production of cardboard is very similar to that of paper. The raw material goes through a process of grinding, casting, pressing and drying. A significant difference is that coarser and harder fibrillated celluloses are usually used for cardboard.
Corrugated cardboard or so-called goffered cardboard consists of several layers of material with an intermediate folded layer. The types of corrugated cardboard differ according to the number of layers and the thickness of the wave. The difference in the structure of the corrugated cardboard also leads to the different strength of the material. The more layers and the better quality paper is used, the stronger the packaging material. Important advantages are the combination of lightness, plasticity and impact resistance. Although corrugated cardboard provides a higher level of security than plain cardboard, the load that has to be packed must be consistent with the material limitations.
Corrugated cardboard is an effective means of transporting products of various natures due to its durability. Leading companies in the field of supply conduct engineering testing of strains and deformations and the effect of vibration load on shipments in moving trucks. This allows them to optimize the weight of corrugated packaging and reduce the total weight of packaging by about 9 percent. This in turn reduces the corrugated cardboard waste that goes into recycling. This is just one of the examples of the flexibility and rapid modification of the material – qualities sought by every company focused on resource optimization.
Double-layer corrugated cardboard is a flexible material, a combination of a flat layer of paper and a pleated layer, and can have the sealing and strengthening application of an inner packaging. The three-layer corrugated cardboard consists of two flat layers with one pleated intermediate layer. The most common corrugated cardboard is with profile C, B, E. Three-layer corrugated cardboard with wave profile E (micro corrugated cardboard) has a thickness of up to 1.3 mm. It is used in the production of small or laminated packaging with light and medium weight. It is extremely suitable for punching and can produce an unlimited variety of constructions and designs. Three-layer corrugated cardboard with wave profile B – 3 mm thick is used for medium-sized packages and cardboard boxes with a product weight of up to 10 – 15 kg. It has very good resistance to pressure.
Three-layer corrugated cardboard with wave profile C – 4 mm thick, can withstand loads weighing 20 kg. It is very durable and can be used to make large cardboard boxes, laminated and punched products. The four-layer corrugated cardboard consists of one outer, one inner straight layer and two folded intermediate ones and is used for lamination. The five-layer corrugated cardboard consists of three straight and two intermediate pleated layers of paper. The five-layer corrugated cardboard, which combines C and E profile waves, is 5 mm thick and is the preferred material due to its high strength and high print quality, which gives it a very attractive commercial appearance.
Trends in architectural surfaces: sintered stone, 3D printing and sustainability
There are all kinds of design shows such as the Salone del Mobile, Maison & Objet and Design Miami/Basel that have a huge influence on architecture and interior design. There’s only one, though, the UK-based Surface Design Show, that’s considered the leading event to discover the major trends set to influence the world of architectural surfaces, and surface design.Get more news about Sintered Stone,you can vist our website!
In terms of manufacturing, they revolve around sustainability as well as the use of innovative, environmentally-friendly materials with superior technical capabilities, such as sintered stone.
“This trend allows for consumers to have peace of mind in the environmental effects of the material they are choosing, all the while not having to compromise design,” says Alvaro Palencia, the head of architectural projects for Neolith North America, a brand of all-natural, premium sintered stone for the kitchen, bath, floors, walls, and exterior facades.
A raw material surface manufactured in a carbon neutral environment in Castellon, Spain, Neolith’s sintered stone is made using a mixture of natural clay, feldspar, silica and mineral oxides combined with extremely high temperatures.
Natural, plastic-free and composed of up to 90 per cent recycled materials — as well as completely recyclable — it’s an ultra-compact surface that doesn’t generate any industrial water waste to produce.
Best of all, it can be made to mimic everything from marble and stone to concrete, wood, iron and steel.
“Sintered stone is a man-made surface that allows for detailed, controlled designs that are unattainable with natural stone,” explains Palencia.
“The result is a unique product that combines elevated design elements with high functionality that includes everything from being waterproof, easy to clean and ultra-hygienic to UV, cold, ice and high temperature resistant, as well as lightweight and bend resistant.”
In September 2022, Neolith launched a new technology that enables the company to manufacture unique and natural reproductions with an infinite number of geometric projections, transparencies and semi-transparencies and with a wide range of unique surface textures.
100 per cent of the energy used to produce this new generation of surfaces comes from renewable sources, and all the water used in the process is recycled.
“From cladding the entire exterior of a home, to the floor-to-ceiling trends, and then of course flooring and countertop usages. This product is virtually unlimited in uses,” says Palencia.
The 3D printing technology gives the brand the opportunity to offer architects and designers exclusive design tools to turn their creations into reality. It also opens doors to new textures never before imagined in the industry, particularly for kitchen and bathroom countertops.
Japan is going crazy over McDonald's rice burger bun
McDonald's released a burger bun made with rice in Japan — and the news is sending the Japanese internet into a frenzy.Get more news about Rice Burger Forming,you can vist our website!
The rice burger bun, or "gohan" burger in Japanese, "offers a new taste by changing the bun into a specially made rice bun while keeping the ingredients and seasoning of the classic burger," according to McDonald's Japan.The buns are made from homegrown rice and are glazed with a savory soy sauce that McDonald's says will allow consumers to "enjoy the usual burger taste while enjoying the exquisite harmony of a new flavor stemming from an unexpected combination."
The burger comes in three varieties: rice teriyaki, rice bacon lettuce and rice fried chicken. They will be sold nationwide for a limited time as part of a "Night Mac" menu that's available between 5 p.m. and closing.
Some social media users predicted the arrival of the rice burger bun and thanked McDonald's. A few Japanese rice farms offered to become McDonald's suppliers. Others hoped for the return of a curry, rice and fried pork cutlet dish that graced McDonald's Japanese lunch menus in the 1990s.
"The reaction was huge. People didn't know there was going to be a new product so it created a lot of suspense. Everyone had a lot of hope for what it would be," Kokoro Toyama, McDonald's Japan rice burger representative, told CNN Business.
Toyama said the decision to launch the rice burger bun was based on customer feedback and on market research that showed that people in Japan in their 30s and 40s preferred rice over bread for dinner, while still being fond of the staple teriyaki and fried chicken burgers they'd eaten as teenagers and young adults.
Even the advertising campaign slogan "gohan dekita you," which can mean both "dinner is ready" and "the rice is ready" in Japanese, was created with a specific emotional appeal to hungry diners.
"It's a nostalgic phrase that sounds familiar and makes people feel like they are at home," Tomoya said. "It's like your mom telling you your dinner is ready."
Not the only rice burger bun on the market
McDonald's is not alone in cashing in on the emerging rice burger bun market. The company's announcement follows MOS Burger, a rival Japanese chain that has sold rice patty bun burgers for decades. MOS Burger invented its rice burger bun in 1987 and claims it is the world's first.
The company created that product to make "full use of a staple food in Japan," Masakatsu Kido from MOS Burger's International support division, told CNN Business, who added that the rice burger bun "is now recognized as an undeniable hit."
As McDonald's teased its new rice burger bun, some Twitter users also pointed out that MOS Burgers already sold such a product and suggested that McDonald's Japan was late to the scene.
McDonald's announcement, though, shows how international brands shape their products to fit the tastes of a local market — in this case, a Japanese consumer base that may crave rice instead of buns with their burgers.
"We had more and more customers saying they wanted to eat rice for dinner, not bread, and that's why we wanted them to enjoy the McDonald's rice burger," said Toyama.
Automatic cnc lathe ALCK6163X1500 sent to Russia
Flat bed CNC lathe features:
1. CNC lathes have a wide range of applications. Hardware CNC lathes can process complex precision parts that cannot be processed by manual lathes. The processing speed of CNC lathes has been greatly improved.
2. Horizontal CNC Lathe processing is stable and reliable, realizes computer control, eliminates human errors, has good processing consistency of parts, and stable and reliable quality.Get more news about Automatic Cnc Lathe,you can vist our website!
3. Automatic lathe adopts a precise turning control system, which can realize high-precision turning processing. Not only can it process various shapes of outer circles and inner holes, but it can also perform various turning processes, including rough turning, fine turning, turning sliders, turning gears, etc.
1. The flat bed CNC lathe guide rail adopts high-precision rolling linear guide rail, which has good dynamic characteristics;
2. The Chinese CNC lathe row tool holder makes the tool change faster and more accurate;
3. The CNC lathe cooling and chip removal system adopts a floor-standing independent water tank and chip removal box, which is easy to clean.
4. Automatic cnc lathe adopts automatic centralized lubrication device, and the lubrication is sufficient and reliable;
5. Metal lathe centralized machine tool operation panel makes the machine tool easy and accurate to operate;
6. CNC lathe for metal adopts a closed protective cover, which is firm and reliable in design, with good waterproof performance and safe operation;
Meeting the challenge: Henkel steps up capacity for UV acrylic hotmelt PSAs
Henkel is expanding its capacity and portfolio for UV acrylic hotmelt pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA). The move is in line with the company’s strategic focus on sustainability and addresses previous capacity bottlenecks faced coupled with increased demand for UV-curable PSAs. To drive forward the expansion, Bruno Motta has been appointed to the new role of Global Project Manager UV Hotmelts and manufacturing capacity in Europe and North America will be ramped up significantly this year.Get more news about Acrylic Deoxidizer,you can vist our website!
This strategy enables Henkel to provide more sustainable and innovative pressure sensitive adhesive solutions to the tape, label, medical, and graphic films markets. Designed to coat a variety of facestocks, Henkel’s comprehensive UV PSA product portfolio serves all segments of traditional pressure sensitive markets, with solutions that enhance sustainability and production efficiencies.
In his new role, Motta has been tasked with advancing Henkel’s UV-curable PSA strategy, including increasing production capacity, developing Henkel’s product portfolio and ensuring the company has the agility to successfully meet evolving customer needs.
Henkel has already ramped up its production capacity in Europe with two production facilities and is currently expanding production capacity by 300% in its main European plant, with the new capability set to come online in September 2021. Additionally, a new state-of-the-art production plant will go online in Salisbury, North Carolina, USA by the end of the year.
“Our new production footprint will lead to a reliable and efficient supply chain that will enable us to support our customers’ growth strategies with UV technology,” said Motta. “We acknowledge that we have experienced capacity bottlenecks in the past. However, this awareness and our dedication to sustainability has driven us to act swiftly. We are now fully able to help advance this exciting field with the standards of excellence that customers know they can expect from Henkel.”
With its solvent-free, UV-curable PSA line, Henkel is enabling broader use of acrylic-based hotmelt adhesives across a wide range of applications and industries, particularly where solvent-free adhesives with minimal VOC emissions can help meet regulatory requirements and sustainability goals. As they avoid the added burdens of hazardous material handling and storage and can be transported with less packaging and waste, hotmelt materials can provide alternatives that are safer and more cost effective. They are also attractive to businesses wishing to create safer and sustainable working environments, with low odor, lower energy use as drying tunnels aren’t required, and smaller coating machines that require less space.
Atlantic Holdings Inv Review: Absurd Scam
Atlantic Holdings Inv allegedly accepts deposits via wire transfers, e-Wallets (ETF, APM), and credit cards. However, to deposit to the broker, you must first contact website support. As a result, we could not ascertain the payment processes utilized by Atlantic Holdings Inv. Why wouldn’t a trustworthy broker give you the means to securely deposit on your own? Evidence shows scammers such as this broker mainly use dubious payment processors, which is why they want you to inquire first.To get more news about atlantic holdings inv. review, you can visit wikifx.com official website.
Atlantic Holdings Inv is a fraudulent broker posing as legitimate. We are not surprised as most brokers claiming to be genuine are quite the opposite. With forex trading experiencing rapid expansion in online investment, many investors now engage in profitable virtual trades in this space. To protect investors from fraud and manipulation, the markets are regulated by oversight organizations, including FCA, CySEC, CFTC, and ASIC. Despite the regulations efforts, some brokers still manage to woo gullible investors and steal from them.
As you plan to invest in the forex market, be wary of the numerous phoney brokers in digital investment spaces. It is important to note that most of these brokers employ dishonest tactics to convince you that they are your best investment choice. They will lure you into their malicious schemes with incredible incentives, such as bonuses and commissions.
The good thing is that identifying an authentic forex broker is not so hard when you are keen. There are usual not-so-veiled red flags you will notice and realize a broker is up to mischief. As a general tip, always look for proof of regulation and contradictions that may stick out in trading conditions, addresses, and client agreements. For more clues, read the following review.
According to Atlantic Holdings Inv, brokers on this platform can access over 200 trade instruments, including forex, cryptos, stocks, and CFDs. The information on the website does not reveal which company owns this broker. This tells us that, like other scammers, the broker thrives on anonymity.
Speaking of the platform’s benefits, the broker states that investors will enjoy unrestricted trading and negative zero balance protection. To ensure data and transaction security, investors’ accounts and funds are supposedly protected through SSL encryption. The broker also claims to avail of an unparalleled trading platform optimized for any device. The broker also purports to offer extensive education through ebooks, webinars, and interactive courses.
Upon searching in the whois database, we discovered that the broker registered on 29 July. At only 110 days, the broker lacks a solid track record and may need more time to be established. These findings dispel the broker’s claims about being a veteran in the market.
Contact Details
Atlantic Holdings Inv claims to be in Australia and Canada. However, since the broker has not given their corporate address for either country, we cannot verify the accuracy of such statements. The broker is calculating and knows tagging such location adds credence to its regulation status, given that brokers in the two jurisdictions are heavily monitored. Don’t fall for this.
While customer service support is crucial, be careful who you give access. With most illicit brokers, contacting them presents them with a perfect opportunity to further influence you to invest with them. So, even though the broker provides telephone and email contact, that does not mean you should contact them. In any case, you should only contact the broker after you are satisfied with their regulation status and terms of service.
Investment Plan
Atlantic Holdings allegedly offers five investment accounts. The first is the new investor, with a minimum deposit requirement of $250. Besides that, the plan lacks details on crucial trade parameters like spreads. Next, the passive income plan has a funding threshold of $10000. Traders in this plan also access bonuses.
The third plan is the build wealth package, where an investor needs at least $50000. The perks that come with this plan include level 3 prioritized withdrawals and dedicated account management. To open an investment secrets account, a trader must part with no less than $100000 for an account. In contrast, the Atlantic Holdings legacy account requires $250000.
The initial deposit requirements are way too high, betraying the broker’s intention to steal as much from you. Remember, you can start trading with a registered broker for much less. If you are serious about investment, it also implies you are keen on risk minimization, which you won’t have in this platform.
Kana Capitals Review
Kana Capitals tries to present itself as highly successful forex and CFD brokerage. But this website shows all the symptoms of a scam – being virtually anonymous, and lacking proper legal documentation such as Terms and Conditions and Client Agreement.To get more news about kana capitals review, you can visit wikifx.com official website.
Read the full review below to find out more about Kana Capitals – including some tips on what to do if you have already deposited with this broker.
Kana Capitals claims to be based in London, UK, but we doubt this is really the case. If they were really headquartered there, they would have been licensed by the local Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), and they clearly don’t hold such a license.
And not only that – Kana Capitals is virtually anonymous. There is no company name mentioned anywhere on the website, nor are potential clients presented with any legal documents such as Terms and Conditions. In other words, the only way for anyone to find this broker is when it reaches out to you first – and this is usually done via cold calls, social media, or even dating apps. So, if you get contacted by a representative of Kana Capitals, and you are offered seemingly lucrative trading or investing opportunities, you have every reason to be suspicious.
We remind our readers that only companies holding licenses with the FCA or temporary permissions based on their authorization in an EU or EEA Member State are allowed to offer financial services in the UK. And these brokers are required to meet a set of strict requirements in order to get such licenses.
For example, legit British brokers are obliged to keep clients’ funds in segregated accounts so that no commingling takes place, to provide negative balance to all their customers, report daily on open and closed trades, and so on. Furthermore, all FCA-licensed brokers should be members of the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS), which may pay up compensations of up to £85,000 per client in the event a licensed entity goes under and files for bankruptcy.
The broker appears to offer trading on MetaTrader5 – perhaps the best platform in the industry. Unfortunately, it isn’t directly available for download from the website and cannot be accessed even after sign-up – you have to verify your identity first.
Of course, we didn’t do that because we don’t know who are the people running Kana Capitals and what they are up to – they might be running all kinds of scams, including identity theft. It’s always preferable to stick with legit brokers who are transparent and reliable. That said, there are many such brokers supporting the MT5
Dangerous leverage ratios provided
Kana Capitals advertises leverage as high as 1:500, and such ratios are banned in most jurisdictions because of investor protection concerns. For example, the maximum leverage allowed in all EU Member States and in the UK is 1:30.
So, If you stumble upon a broker that says to be based in the UK or the EU and provides leverage ratios higher than 1:30, you may rest assured that this company is unregulated. There is no need to look it up in the registries of the financial regulators.
Recovering funds deposited with Kana Capitals
In case you are reading this review after having deposited with this broker, you are probably wondering whether you can somehow get your money back. Probably Kana Capitals has denied your withdrawal request or is delaying it for no reason – both of these scenarios are quite likely with an anonymous unregulated broker.
Scam brokers usually find different excuses for this – they might ask for additional personal information with the pretext of adhering to Anti-Money Laundering (AML) rules or say that you haven’t met some turnover requirement linked to a bonus. Whichever the case, you won’t be allowed to withdraw a single dime.
Well, in this case, the chances to restore your funds are best if you have deposited them with a credit card like Visa or MasterCard – because you can file for chargeback within 540 days from the date of the transaction. Fortunately, Kana Capitals appears to accept such cards, so you might be lucky – file for a chargeback ASAP.
Is Al Trade Scam or Legit Broker?
No, Al Trade broker is a Non-Regulated Broker. It is NOT SAFE to trade. We checked the company and found out that there is no authorization or registration of the address, therefore the company seems to be highly suspicious and might operate its services from an absolutely different location.To get more news about alpforex review, you can visit wikifx.com official website.
What is Al Trade?
Al Trade is a forex and CFD broker based in London. The company is owned by AL Trade Inc., which is not regulated to provide financial services in the UK by the Financial Conduct Authority.
It is also not licensed by any other regulatory institutions. We recommend dealing only with reliable brokerages that are regulated and authorized to provide financial services.
For example, UK’s FCA requires 125000 EUR of capital for STP license. Also in order to get this type of license, the broker needs to have a physical office in the UK. All clients of FCA-regulated brokers are protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme.
Al Trade Review Conclusion
We advise all investors and traders to avoid Al trade and other unregulated brokers. Usually, such companies run investment scams. Traders should trade with well-regulated brokers such as UK brokers or brokers in Australia and reliable brokers such as BDSwiss and BlackBull Markets.
The Al Trade website is no longer active. Besides, there is no evidence of whether the broker operates or not. We recommend avoiding any offshore-based brokers due to their instability and lack of serious regulations.
ALPFOREX is inviting you to begin your forex journey with a 30 USD Bonus. You can study Forex trading strategies and make real money with the aid of this bonus. Simply register for an MT4 account to receive the bonus. To withdraw your gains, you must trade for a minimum of $100 USD.
Loyal Fx Markets Review (2022)
Loyal Fx Markets is an online broker that is operated by Loyal Fx Markets (UK). Loyal Fx Markets provides a wide range of financial and investment services to clients worldwide. Loyal Fx Markets provides reliable and transparent trading instruments such as Forex, Indices, Energy, Shares, Commodities and Cryptocurrencies.To get more news about loyalty fx markets review, you can visit wikifx.com official website.
Loyal Fx Markets offers maximum leverage of 1:1000, floating spreads, and minimum deposit of $100. Deposits can be done via various methods including wire transfers, master/visa cards, vload, skrill, local transfer, webmoney, and neteller.
Loyal fx Markets is an online broker that provides transparent trading instruments such as Forex, Indices, Energies, Crytocurrencies, Commodities and Shares. Loyal Fx Markets provides multiple account types and the a MetaTradedr 4 and 5 trading platforms to suit all types of traders at anytime, anywhere. Loyal Fx Markets offers floating spreads, leverage up to 1:1000, and minimum deposit of $100. Loyal Fx Markets also provides fast and easy deposits, trading resources, and customer support 24/5. However Loyal Fx Markets is not a regulated broker.
The first step to protecting yourself from fraudulent parties online is to do thorough due diligence on the companies and entities that you are planning to send the funds to. In all probability, there have been other users who have already used the same service, and have expressed their opinions and feedback online on various forums.
After conducting some research on various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram), as well as online trading forums, a general theme emerged where users were dissatisfied with their experience with Loyalty Fx Markets. Based on this user feedback, it appears that Loyalty Fx Markets is not a trustworthy broker, and hence, extreme caution should be applied before investing through their brokerage platform.
There are a lot of brokers out there operating under fake company names or that have other fraudulent operations. A little bit of preliminary research can go a long way in protecting you and your finances.
When searching for brokers to conduct your trading activities with, the first and most important step should always be to learn about their certification(s). This will tell you whether they are regulated by a central authority or if Loyalty Fx Markets is an offshore and/or unregulated entity.
When a broker is unregulated or regulated by an entity outside of your jurisdiction, you have limited to no legal recourse in the event that your funds are compromised. In an event of theft, complaints can only be made if that broker is licensed by the regulator in your jurisdiction. Some examples of regulatory authorities that issue brokerage licenses are:
One of the most prevalent online trading scams is to initially display profitable trades that give the investor a false sense of confidence, and get them hooked to the idea of ‘easy money’. Once this confidence is established, the investor will be marketed the idea of investing more money to earn greater returns. Additionally, other incentives may also be provided to encourage the investor to get their friends and family onboard the platform too.
Once the brokerage believes that they have extracted all available funds from an investor and his/her network, they will then proceed to suspend the account, and the investor will no longer be able to access the funds put in.
Many fraudulent firms will even claim to be domiciled in a regulated jurisdiction, and display fake regulatory licenses and addresses on their websites to try and improve their credibility with unsuspecting investors.
Hemostatic Agents for the Management of Bleeding Risk Associated
The occurrence of bleeding following dental extraction is a relatively common complication. A history of therapy with oral anticoagulants represents a major favoring factor, both in patients treated with vitamin K-antagonists (especially warfarin) and with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Several local hemostatic measures can be applied to limit the bleeding risk in these patients. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate what measures can be adopted to limit the bleeding risk following dental extractions in patients treated with oral anticoagulants. A literature search was performed, and 116 articles were retrieved. Titles and abstract analyses excluded 91 articles, and three more articles were excluded following full-text analysis. The systematic review was performed on 22 articles. Among the included articles, 20 studies reported on patients treated with warfarin, and two studies on patients treated with DOACs. The agents employed included local intra-alveolar agents, tranexamic acid, and PRF. The included studies were all at moderate/high risk of bias. Moreover, limited evidence is available on hemostasis in patients treated with DOACs. The available evidence hinders stating the superiority of one agent over the others. Further research is advised to increase the level of evidence of the application of hemostatic agents in patients treated with oral anticoagulants.To get more news about hemorrhage control, you can visit rusuntacmed.com official website.
Dental extractions are the most common procedures performed in routine dental practice. Bleeding and oozing from the surgical wound are frequently encountered, and mostly self-limiting, complications [1]. However, in patients treated with vitamin K antagonists or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), additional measures may be required to manage and limit the risk of post-operative bleeding [1].
Vitamin K antagonists include coumarin and its derivatives such as warfarin. Their mechanism of action is based on the inhibition of prothrombin and clotting factors formation. Dose adjustments are often required in order to maintain the target International Normalized Ratio (INR) of 2.5 (therapeutic range 2–3) [2]. To date, warfarin is the most prescribed oral anticoagulant for the management of thromboembolic disorders, despite its narrow therapeutic index and the high variability in clinical response [3,4].
DOACs have been introduced in recent years for the management of several cardiovascular conditions, including treatment of venous thromboembolism, stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, and for thromboprophylaxis following orthopedic surgery [5]. The DOACs category includes four anticoagulants which directly inhibit the coagulation cascade. Dabigatran is a direct thrombin inhibitor, while apixaban, rivaroxaban, and edoxaban exert their pharmacological activity by inhibiting factor Xa [5]. DOACs are becoming increasingly used with respect to vitamin K antagonists due to their efficacy and safety [6]. It appears that a reduced risk of bleeding can be observed in patients treated with DOACs compared with warfarin as a therapeutic regimen, although in some cases monitoring is still advised [7].
Patients under oral anticoagulant therapy are more prone to bleeding complications and hematoma formation following dental procedures. Tooth extractions are the most frequently performed oral surgical procedures, and bleeding or oozing are frequently occurring complications [8,9]. The surgical trauma on both hard and soft tissues can be related to the development of post-extraction bleeding, although inflammation and/or infection of the extraction site can be concurrent factors [10]. In patients treated with oral anticoagulants, the bleeding risk is enhanced; therefore, different recommendations have been proposed, including anticoagulant therapy modulation through reduction, suspension, or bridging [11]. However, it has also been suggested that therapy discontinuation may expose the patient to a higher risk of thromboembolism against a modest risk of hemorrhage in patients with an INR within the therapeutic range [12].
At present, several hemostatic agents find application for the management of post-extractive bleeding in patients treated with oral anticoagulants. The aim of the present systematic review was to analyze the hemostatic agents employed to manage the bleeding risk associated with dental extraction procedures in patients undergoing oral anticoagulant therapy with vitamin K antagonists and DOACs.